Resource Type: Social Science Research

A significant portion of Americans are effectively politically invisible because their names aren’t on any major voter registration or consumer files that political professionals and scholars rely on. At least 11% of all Americans are unlisted, and an additional 12% are listed with incorrect addresses. Unsurprisingly, these groups of Americans report being contacted by political campaigns far less often. Further, by racial/ethnic breakdown, roughly 40% of Black and Latino Americans are “unreachable” (i.e., unlisted or mislisted), but only 18% of white Americans are. This unreachable group, as a whole, is much lower-income than other voters, is significantly Democratic in party identification, and holds more pro-welfare spending policy opinions. Overall, the over-reliance on voter and consumer file lists may perpetuate political inequality, but there may also be a political opportunity to engage with this “unreachable” group.             

This report looks at this process of power building for just transition in four states: California, Kentucky, Louisiana, and New York. We combine an analysis of the pillars of just transition – strong governmental support, dedicated funding streams, diverse coalitions, and economic diversification – with an analysis of how to change power at a state level that focuses on the conditions that impact possibilities, the community-level capabilities that facilitate effective voice, and the arenas in which power is contested.

Using frames and rhetoric that emphasize consumer responsibility, demand, and the uncertainty of climate risk, fossil fuel companies like ExxonMobil downplay the seriousness of climate change. An analysis of ExxonMobil’s internal and external facing documents use different frames to talk about climate change. In advertisements, the company’s rhetoric acknowledges that climate change poses a risk, but the authors argue that the risk frame encourages uncertainty about the seriousness of human-caused climate change. Similarly, advertisements also use frames that put responsibility on individuals, indicating that individuals’ energy demand has been too high for companies to meet it with anything but fossil fuels. The company can use these frames and rhetoric to sidestep responsibility for their role in human-cause climate change.